International D414 Specifications
| Engine Model: International Harvester D414 |
| Engine Type: 4-cycle inline 6-cylinder naturally aspirated liquid-cooled diesel |
| Total Displacement: 414 cu.in (6.8 L) |
| Rated Engine Power: 113 Hp (84 kW) at 2400 rpm |
| Fuel System Type: Direct fuel injection |
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The International Harvester D414 is a
substantial six-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine engineered for
demanding agricultural and industrial applications. As a core powerplant
in International Harvester's medium to large tractor lines, it delivers
robust power and significant low-speed torque from its considerable
displacement. The engine employs a direct injection fuel system,
promoting efficient combustion and responsive throttle characteristics.
Its construction is heavy-duty, featuring a deep-skirt block,
replaceable wet cylinder liners, and a gear-driven overhead camshaft for
precise valve operation. The D414 is recognized for its durability and
steady power delivery, serving as a reliable workhorse in row-crop
tractors and combines where sustained operation under load was a daily
requirement.
Engine Type: In-line, six-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled diesel.
Combustion System: Direct injection.
Aspiration: Naturally aspirated.
Firing Order: 1-5-3-6-2-4.
Rotation (viewed from flywheel): Counter-clockwise.
Displacement: 414 cubic inches (6.79 liters).
Bore: 4.30 inches (109.2 mm).
Stroke: 4.75 inches (120.7 mm).
Compression Ratio: 16.5 to 1.
Rated Power Output: 113 gross Hp (84 kW) at 2400 rpm for early models;
later models may be rated at 2600 rpm. Maximum Torque: 380 lb-ft (515
Nm), developed at low engine speeds.
Governed Speed: 2400 or 2600 rpm, dependent on production era and
application.
Weight (dry): 1450 lbs (658 kg).
The cylinder block is a massive gray iron casting of deep-skirt design,
engineered to provide a rigid foundation capable of withstanding high
combustion pressures and dynamic loads. It utilizes replaceable wet-type
cylinder liners. These precision-machined alloy iron liners are inserted
into the block and sealed at the top by a composite fire ring and at the
bottom by multiple synthetic rubber O-rings.
This wet-sleeve construction allows for straightforward cylinder
reconditioning. The crankshaft is supported by seven main bearings of
large diameter, ensuring stable crankshaft alignment and minimizing
vibration. Main bearing caps are manufactured from nodular iron and
secured with two vertical studs and nuts per cap. The block incorporates
a comprehensive network of internal oil galleries and coolant passages
surrounding each liner.
The cylinder head is a single-piece cast iron component. It is designed
for high volumetric efficiency and direct injection, with individual
intake and exhaust ports and vertically mounted fuel injectors. The
engine employs an overhead camshaft (OHC) design.
Valve Arrangement: Overhead camshaft (OHC), with the camshaft directly
actuating followers or rocker arms and valves.
Valves per Cylinder: Two (one intake, one exhaust).
Intake Valve Head Diameter: 1.94 inches (49.3 mm).
Exhaust Valve Head Diameter: 1.69 inches (42.9 mm).
Valve Seat Angle: 45 deg.
Valve Stem Diameter: 0.375 inches (9.53 mm).
Valve Lash (cold): Intake and Exhaust: 0.025 inches (0.64 mm).
Adjustment is performed with the engine cold, using shims or adjustable
rocker arms.
The fuel system is a high-pressure direct injection system utilizing an
in-line injection pump.
Injection Pump: An International Harvester/Bosch in-line plunger pump
(P-type or A-type), mechanically governed.
This pump is gear-driven from the engine's front timing gear train.
Injection Nozzles: Multi-hole pintle nozzles designed for optimal fuel
atomization in a direct injection combustion chamber.
Injection Pressure: 2300 to 2500 psi (159 to 172 bar).
Fuel Lift Pump: A camshaft-driven, piston-type mechanical transfer pump.
Fuel Filter: A dual-stage filtration system with a primary
sedimentor/water separator and a secondary spin-on paper element filter.
Static Injection Timing: Requires precise dynamic timing with a dial
indicator.
The setting varies with pump type but generally falls within 20 to 24
deg before top dead center under specific test conditions.
The lubrication system is a high-capacity, full-pressure, full-flow
design with a gear-type pump and oil cooler.
Oil Pump: Gear-type, mounted on the front of the cylinder block and
driven by the crankshaft gear.
Oil Capacity: 12 quarts (11.4 liters) including filter.
Oil Filter: Dual full-flow, spin-on type cartridges arranged in
parallel.
Oil Pressure (operating): 50 to 70 psi at rated speed (3.4 to 4.8 bar).
Minimum acceptable pressure at a hot idle is 15 psi (1.0 bar).
Pressure Relief Valve: Integral to the oil pump housing.
Oil Cooler: A substantial tube-and-shell type engine oil cooler is
standard, cooled by engine coolant.
The cooling system is a high-capacity, pressurized system designed to
manage the thermal loads of a large-displacement engine.
Water Pump: High-flow centrifugal type, belt-driven from the crankshaft
pulley.
Thermostat: Wax-pellet type, begins to open at 190 F (88 C).
Radiator Pressure Cap: 13 psi pressure cap (0.9 bar).
Coolant Capacity: 24 quarts (22.7 liters) for the engine and radiator
core.
Coolant Recommendation: A 50/50 mixture of ethylene glycol antifreeze
and demineralized water.
The use of a supplemental coolant additive (SCA) package is mandatory to
prevent cavitation erosion of the wet cylinder liners.
Electrical System: 12-volt negative ground.
Starting Motor: 12-volt, high-torque gear reduction type, solenoid
actuated.
Charging Alternator: 12-volt, 90 to 120 ampere output, belt-driven with
an internal regulator.
Battery Recommendation: Group 31 batteries; often two in parallel are
used to provide high cranking amperage.
Air Intake System: Dual-stage dry type air cleaner with replaceable
paper outer and inner safety elements. Intake Manifold: Cast aluminum or
iron. Exhaust Manifold: Cast iron.
Length (front of damper to rear of flywheel housing): 47 inches (1194
mm).
Width (over valve cover): 31 inches (787 mm).
Height (top of valve cover to base of oil pan): 37 inches (940 mm).
Weight (dry, as described): 1450 lbs (658 kg).
Engine Oil Grade: Use a high-quality diesel engine oil meeting API
service classification CD or CE. SAE 15W-40 is the specified viscosity
for multi-temperature operation. Oil Change Interval: Under normal
heavy-duty agricultural service, change engine oil and filters every 250
operating hours. For severe service involving continuous high load or
extreme dust, reduce the interval to 150 hours. Oil Filter Change:
Replace both spin-on filters with every oil change.
Fuel Filter Change: Drain water from the primary separator daily.
Replace all fuel filter elements every 500 operating hours. Coolant
Additive Check: Test coolant additive concentration every 250 hours and
replenish as necessary. Complete coolant change with a full system flush
is required every 3000 hours or 36 months. Air Filter Service: Monitor
the restriction indicator gauge. Replace the primary outer element when
indicated and the inner safety element every second outer element
change.
Empty any pre-cleaner daily in dusty conditions. Valve Lash Adjustment:
Check and adjust valve clearance every 1000 operating hours. Injection
Timing Check: Verify dynamic injection timing every 2000 operating hours
or after any fuel pump service or drive train disturbance. Cylinder
Liner Protrusion: During overhaul, measure and verify wet sleeve
protrusion above the block deck. Specification is 0.003 to 0.005 inches
(0.08 to 0.13 mm).
Cylinder Head Bolts: Torque in the specified multi-step sequence to a
final value of 165 to 175 lb-ft (224 to 237 Nm). Main Bearing Cap Bolts:
135 to 145 lb-ft (183 to 197 Nm).
Connecting Rod Cap Nuts: 68 to 73 lb-ft (92 to 99 Nm).
Flywheel to Crankshaft Bolts: 115 to 125 lb-ft (156 to 169 Nm).
Injector Nozzle Holder (in head): 72 to 78 lb-ft (98 to 106 Nm).
Rocker Arm Shaft or Cam Follower Bracket Bolts: 38 to 42 lb-ft (52 to 57
Nm).
Oil Pan Drain Plug: 42 to 47 lb-ft (57 to 64 Nm).
The International Harvester D414 engine was a primary powerplant for
large agricultural equipment. Its principal applications include large
International Harvester and Case IH tractors such as models in the 86
series, specifically the International 1086, 1486, and 1586 tractors in
their naturally aspirated configurations. This engine also powered
substantial harvesting equipment, most notably the International
Harvester 1460, 1480, and 1680 Axial-Flow combines.
The D414 provided the high-torque, reliable power necessary for heavy
draft work, large-scale planting, and high-capacity harvesting in these
machines. Engine model confirmation must be verified via the engine
serial number plate located on the block, as specifications evolved over
production.
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