International D282 Specifications
| Engine Model: International D282 |
| Engine Type: 4-cycle inline 6-cylinder direct injection liquid-cooled diesel |
| Total Displacement: 282 cu.in (4.6 L) |
| Rated Engine Power: 72-85 Hp (54-63 kW) at 2300 rpm |
| Aspiration Type: Naturally aspirated |
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The International D282 is a robust and
long-lived inline six-cylinder diesel engine produced by International
Harvester during the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. It is best known for
powering a wide range of agricultural tractors, including the Farmall
560, 656, 706 (early diesel), and several International industrial
machines. The engine was originally introduced as an updated,
higher-output alternative to the smaller D264, designed to provide
improved torque, smoother operation, and enhanced reliability for
farmers and industrial operators.
The D282 is built on a strong cast-iron foundation, featuring a
direct-injection combustion system (in later versions), wet or dry
sleeve configurations depending on production period, and a fully
mechanical fuel-injection system. The engine became highly regarded for
its ability to operate for thousands of hours under heavy continuous
load.
It also earned recognition for a distinctive
diesel cold-starting system used in early versions - an ether-assist
glow plug system known as the “Thermo-Start” - which helped operators
start the engine in cold climates before modern glow-plug and
intake-heater systems became common.
Overall, the D282 is considered one of International Harvester’s most
dependable mid-century agricultural diesel engines. With straightforward
maintenance procedures, rebuildable structure, and broad parts
availability, many remain in operation more than 50 years after leaving
the factory.
The International D282 is a four-stroke, water-cooled, inline
six-cylinder diesel engine. Total displacement is 4,623 cc (282 cubic
inches). Bore is 94 mm (3.69 inches), and stroke is 112 mm (4.39
inches), forming a long-stroke design optimized for torque production at
low engine speeds. Compression ratio varies by production generation,
between 16.5:1 and 17.5:1.
Power output ranges between 72 and 85 Hp (54 and 63 kW) at 2,200-2,400
rpm depending on application and calibration. Peak torque is 250-290 Nm
(184-214 lb-ft), achieved around 1,300-1,500 rpm. Idle speed is
generally 600-700 rpm. Governed maximum speed is approximately
2,300-2,500 rpm depending on tractor or industrial setting. Firing order
is 1-5-3-6-2-4.
The crankshaft is forged steel and fully supported by seven main
bearings, contributing to smooth operation and long life. Pistons are
cast-aluminum alloy with reinforced crowns and combustion bowls designed
for direct-injection models. Earlier indirect-injection versions used
pre-combustion chambers. Piston rings include two compression rings and
one oil-control ring. Connecting rods are forged steel with replaceable
bearing inserts. The camshaft is mounted in the block and gear-driven
for precise timing and extended durability.
The D282 cylinder block is cast iron with thick walls for strength,
vibration resistance, and long service life. Depending on the production
era, the engine may use wet sleeves (replaceable liners) or dry sleeves.
The earlier BD and D-series engines commonly used dry sleeves, while
later versions incorporated wet sleeves to improve cooling and simplify
overhaul processes.
Coolant passages surround the cylinders ensuring stable operating
temperatures and reducing the risk of hot spots during prolonged
heavy-duty operation. The crankcase features robust main bearing webs
and generous oil passages supporting lubrication of all rotating
components. Mounting bosses allow for installation in multiple tractor
models and industrial chassis configurations.
The cylinder head is cast iron and may feature either indirect-injection
or direct-injection combustion chamber design depending on version. Most
D282 engines use indirect injection with a pre-combustion chamber,
providing smoother operation and easier cold starting. Later versions
and service conversions employ direct injection for improved fuel
economy and power.
The valvetrain is overhead-valve (OHV) with pushrods and rocker arms
actuated by the gear-driven camshaft. Valve seats are hardened steel,
and valves are arranged for efficient airflow. Valve lash is manually
adjustable.
The cold valve-lash clearances:
- Intake: 0.25-0.30 mm (0.010-0.012 in)
- Exhaust: 0.30-0.35 mm (0.012-0.014 in)
Cylinder-head gaskets use reinforced fire-rings to maintain combustion
sealing over long service intervals.
The fuel system is fully mechanical. A mechanical lift pump draws fuel
from the tank through a sediment bowl or water separator, supplying it
to a fine-element filter. From there, fuel enters a high-pressure
mechanical injection pump - a Bosch-style inline pump or a CAV rotary
pump depending on tractor model and production year.
Injection pressures normally range from 200 to 300 bar.
Indirect-injection engines use pintle-type injectors spraying into
pre-combustion chambers, while direct-injection engines use multi-hole
nozzles spraying directly into the combustion bowl.
Fuel system maintenance:
- Replace filters every 250-300 hours or 10,000-15,000 km
- Service injectors every 1,000-1,500 hours
- Drain water separator as required
- Check pump timing at major service intervals
Many early D282 tractors use an ether-assist “Thermo-Start”
cold-starting device located in the intake manifold. Proper maintenance
of this system is essential for reliable cold operation.
The D282 uses a full-pressure wet-sump lubrication system. A gear-type
oil pump draws oil from the sump through a pickup screen and forces it
through a full-flow oil filter before distributing it to the engine.
Lubrication targets include main bearings, connecting rods, camshaft
bearings, rocker arms, and auxiliary equipment. Some versions feature
piston-cooling oil jets.
Typical oil pressure:
- At operating speed: 250-350 kPa (36-51 psi)
- At idle: 70-120 kPa (10-17 psi)
Oil capacity is generally 7.5-9.0 liters (7.9-9.5 US quarts).
Recommended viscosity grades include SAE 15W-40 or 20W-50 diesel-rated
motor oil (API CF or higher). Oil changes are required every 200-250
hours of operation, with more frequent service recommended in dusty or
heavy-load environments.
Cooling is provided by a closed-loop, forced-circulation liquid cooling
system. A belt-driven centrifugal water pump circulates coolant through
passages in the block and head. A thermostat begins opening at 82°C
(180°F) and reaches full open at around 95°C (203°F).
Cooling system capacity is 12-14 liters (12.7-14.8 US quarts). Radiator
cap pressure is normally between 70 and 90 kPa (10-13 psi). Agricultural
and industrial versions often employ oversized radiators for operation
in hot climates or dusty work environments.
| Intake and Exhaust Systems |
Intake systems vary depending on equipment
type:
- Agricultural tractors: dual-stage dry air filters
- Industrial equipment: oil-bath or cyclone pre-cleaners
The intake manifold routes air into each cylinder evenly while improving
swirl for efficient fuel-air mixing. Exhaust manifolds are cast iron,
built to withstand constant thermal cycling. Industrial variants may
include spark arrestors or large mufflers.
Most D282 applications use a 12-volt electrical system, though some
industrial or export units employ 24-volt configurations. Alternator
output typically ranges from 25 to 45 amperes. Starter motors commonly
produce 2.0-3.0 kW. Cold-start aids include glow plugs, intake-manifold
heaters, or ether-assist systems depending on model year.
Depending on installation, the D282 may
support:
- hydraulic pump drives
- power-steering pumps
- PTO drives
- generator heads
- industrial belt-drive systems
- auxiliary pulley drives
- Length: 860-920 mm (33.9-36.2 in)
- Width: 580-650 mm (22.8-25.6 in)
- Height: 900-960 mm (35.4-37.8 in)
Dry weight is generally 380-430 kg (838-948 lbs) depending on
configuration and accessories.
- Engine oil and filter: every 200-250 hours
- Fuel filters: every 250-300 hours
- Air filter: inspect every 50 hours; replace every 200-300 hours
- Coolant: replace every 2 years
- Valve lash: adjust every 500-600 hours
- Injector service: every 1,000-1,500 hours
- Compression test: every 2,000 hours
- Drive-belt inspection: every 100 hours
- Cylinder head bolts: 110-130 Nm (81-96 lb-ft)
- Main bearing caps: 130-150 Nm (96-111 lb-ft)
- Connecting-rod bolts: 55-65 Nm (41-48 lb-ft)
- Flywheel bolts: 95-110 Nm (70-81 lb-ft)
- Crankshaft pulley bolt: 180-200 Nm (133-148 lb-ft)
- Oil drain plug: 30-40 Nm (22-30 lb-ft)
- Injector hold-downs: 20-25 Nm (15-18 lb-ft)
The International D282 has been used
extensively in:
- Farmall 560, 656, 706 (early diesel)
- International 560, 656, 2606, 2656
- Industrial loaders and utility tractors
- Agricultural power units
- Generators and pumps
- Construction support machinery
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